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.The
trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks () was a
trade route, which connected
Scandinavia,
Kievan Rus' and the
Byzantine Empire. The route allowed Varangian traders from Scandinavia to establish a direct prosperous trade with Byzantium, and prompted some of them to settle in the territories of present-day Belarus, Russia and Ukraine.
The route began in Scandinavian trading centres such as Birka,
Hedeby, and
Gotland, crossed the
Baltic Sea entered the
Gulf of Finland, followed the Neva River into the Lake Ladoga. Then it followed the
Volkhov River, upstream past the towns of Staraya Ladoga and
Velikiy Novgorod, crossed
Lake Ilmen, and up the Lovat River (Russia). From there, ships had to be portaged to the
Dnieper River near
Gnezdovo. A second route from the Baltic to the Dnieper was along the Western Dvina (Daugava) between the Lovat and the Dnieper in the Smolensk region, and along the
Kasplya River to Gnezdovo. Along the Dnieper, the route crossed several major rapids and passed through Kiev, and after entering the Black Sea followed its west coast to
Constantinople.
History
(in red) and the Trade Route from the Varangians to the Greeks (in purple). Other trade routes of the 8th century-
11th century shown in orange.The route from the
Varangians to the Greeks was first mentioned in the
Primary Chronicle, but its effects were reported much earlier, in the early
ninth century when the Byzantines noted newcomers in their regions, the
Varangians. Though this has come to mean "Vikings" to many, the term for the Byzantines meant all Scandinavians and their kindred living in what is now Russia.
The route was probably established in the late 8th century and early
9th century, when Varangian explorers searched for plunder but also for slaverys and lucrative goods. The route gained significant importance from the
10th century until the first third of the
eleventh century, concurrently with the
Volga trade route and the trade route from the Khazars to the Germans.
According to Constantine VII, the
Kriviches and other tribes dependent on
Kiev transported hollowed-out sailboats, or
monoxyla, which could accommodate thirty to forty people, to places along the rivers. Places named include Smolensk (Μιλινισκα), Liubech (Τελιουτζα),
Chernihiv (Τζερνιγωγα), Vyshhorod (Βουσεγραδε), Vitechev (Βιτετζεβη), and
Kiev (Κια(ο)βα). Some of these cities had alternate names in
Old Norse, and Constantine quotes some of them:
Novgorod = Νεμογαρδα = Hólmgarðr = ‘Island Enclosure’, and Nýgarðr = ‘New Enclosure’;
Kiev = Kœnugarðr = ‘Boatyard’ and Σαμβατας = Sandbakki-áss = ‘Sandbank Ridge’.Constantine Zuckerman suggests a more obvious etymology, from the Turkic (Khazar) roots "sam"+"bat" (literally, "upper fortress"). See: Sorlin I.
Voies commerciales, villes et peuplement de la Rusia au Xe siècle d'après le De administrando imperio de Constantin Porphyrogénète. // Les centres proto-urbains russes entre Scandinavie, Byzance et Orient / ed. M. Kazanski, D. Nercessian, C. Zuckerman (Réalités byzantines 7). - Paris, 2000. -P. 337-355 (The
Varangian Runestones#N 62 preserves the name Vitaholmr ("demarcation islet") for Vitichev.) Then, these sailboats were transported along the Dnieper to Kiev. There, they were sold to the Varangians who re-equipped them and loaded them with merchandise. An English translation of
De Administrando Imperio.
On the Dnieper the Varangians had to
portage their ships round seven rapids, where they had to be on guard for
Pecheneg nomads.
{], 1949 & 1969., and Constantine’s Greek spelling:|- style="border-bottom:3px double #999;"! style="text-align:left; width:33%;" | Modern! style="text-align:left; width:33%;" | Slavonic! style="text-align:left;" | Norse|- style="vertical-align:top; border-bottom:1px solid #999;"||
Ne sǔpi, ‘Don't Sleep’, Εσσουπη|
Sof eigi, ‘Don't Sleep’|- style="vertical-align:top; border-bottom:1px solid #999;"|
Surskij, ‘Severe One’;
Lochanskij|
Ostrovǐnyj pragǔ, ‘Island-waterfall’, Οστροβουνιπραχ|
Holmfors, ‘Island-Waterfall’, Ουλβορσι|- style="vertical-align:top; border-bottom:1px solid #999;"|
Zvonets(kij), ‘Clanger’||
Gellandi, ‘Roaring’, Γελανδρι|- style="vertical-align:top; border-bottom:1px solid #999;"|
Nenasytets(kij), ‘Insatiable’|
Nejasytǐ, ‘pelican’ (which nested there), Νεασητ])|- style="vertical-align:top; border-bottom:1px solid #999;"|
Volnyj, Volninskij, ‘ of waves’|
Vlǔnǐnyj pragǔ, ‘wave-waterfall’, Βουλνηπραχ|
Bárufors, ‘wave-waterfall’, Βαρουφορος|- style="vertical-align:top; border-bottom:1px solid #999;"|
Tavolzhanskij|
Vǐruchi, ‘laughing’, Βερουτζη|
Hlæjandi, ‘laughing (ref. noise of water)’, Λεαντι|- style="vertical-align:top;"|
Lishnij, ‘superfluous’|
Naprjazi?, ‘bend, strain?’, Ναπρεζη;
Na bǔrzǔ?, ‘quick?’|
Strukum, ‘ the rapids’, Στρουκουν|}
Below the rapids, they had to pass a narrow rocky spot called the
Ford of Vrar (Russian:
Krariyskaya crossing), where the Varangians were often attacked by the Pechenegs. The Varangians stopped at Khortitsa Island. Then they equipped their ships with sails
Berezan Island and continued to navigate along the western shore of the
Black Sea all the way to Constantinople (Slavic languages:
Tsargrad, Old Norse: Miklagard).
The Trade Route from the Varangians to the Greeks was connected to other waterways of Eastern Europe, such as the
Pripyat River-
Western Bug waterway leading to
Western Europe, and the Volga trade route, which went down the
Volga waterway to the Caspian Sea. Another offshoot was along the Dnieper and the Usyazh-Buk River towards
Lukoml and Polotsk. The Trade Route from the Varangians to the Greeks was used to transport different kinds of merchandise. Wine, spices,
jewelry,
glass, expensive fabrics, icons, and books came from the Byzantine Empire. Kiev used to trade bread, handmade goods, silver coins, etc.
Volhyn traded spinning wheels and other items. Certain kinds of weapon and
handicrafts came from Scandinavia. Northern Rus' offered timber, fur, honey and wax, while the
Baltic tribes traded
amber.
In the second half of the eleventh century, the Crusades opened more lucrative routes from Europe to the Orient through the Crusader states of the Middle East. By that time,
Kievan Rus' had strengthened its commercial ties with Western Europe, and the route from the Varangians to the Greeks gradually lost its significance.
In Fiction
- A large part of the best-selling Swedish historical novel The Long Ships ("Red Orm") describes the adventures of a Danish ship crew (with a pilot from Gotland) taking this route in the late 10th Century.
- Two music albums coincidentally released in 2007 deal with fictional journeys down the trade route, heavy metal music band Rebellion (band)'s Miklagard — The History of the Vikings Volume 2 and folk metal band Turisas' The Varangian Way.
- In Stephen R. Lawhead's novel Byzantium, the main character, a 9th-century Irish people monk, is taken by Viking raiders from Skania to Constantinople via this route.
References
.The
trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks () was a
trade route, which connected
Scandinavia,
Kievan Rus' and the Byzantine Empire. The route allowed Varangian traders from Scandinavia to establish a direct prosperous trade with Byzantium, and prompted some of them to settle in the territories of present-day Belarus, Russia and Ukraine.
The route began in Scandinavian trading centres such as
Birka,
Hedeby, and Gotland, crossed the Baltic Sea entered the
Gulf of Finland, followed the Neva River into the
Lake Ladoga. Then it followed the Volkhov River, upstream past the towns of Staraya Ladoga and Velikiy Novgorod, crossed
Lake Ilmen, and up the
Lovat River (Russia). From there, ships had to be
portaged to the
Dnieper River near Gnezdovo. A second route from the Baltic to the Dnieper was along the Western Dvina (Daugava) between the Lovat and the Dnieper in the Smolensk region, and along the Kasplya River to
Gnezdovo. Along the Dnieper, the route crossed several major rapids and passed through Kiev, and after entering the
Black Sea followed its west coast to Constantinople.
History
(in red) and the
Trade Route from the Varangians to the Greeks (in purple). Other trade routes of the
8th century-
11th century shown in orange.The route from the
Varangians to the Greeks was first mentioned in the Primary Chronicle, but its effects were reported much earlier, in the early ninth century when the
Byzantines noted newcomers in their regions, the
Varangians. Though this has come to mean "Vikings" to many, the term for the Byzantines meant all Scandinavians and their kindred living in what is now Russia.
The route was probably established in the late
8th century and early
9th century, when Varangian explorers searched for plunder but also for slaverys and lucrative goods. The route gained significant importance from the 10th century until the first third of the eleventh century, concurrently with the
Volga trade route and the trade route from the Khazars to the Germans.
According to
Constantine VII, the Kriviches and other tribes dependent on
Kiev transported hollowed-out sailboats, or
monoxyla, which could accommodate thirty to forty people, to places along the rivers. Places named include Smolensk (Μιλινισκα), Liubech (Τελιουτζα), Chernihiv (Τζερνιγωγα), Vyshhorod (Βουσεγραδε),
Vitechev (Βιτετζεβη), and Kiev (Κια(ο)βα). Some of these cities had alternate names in
Old Norse, and Constantine quotes some of them: Novgorod = Νεμογαρδα = Hólmgarðr = ‘Island Enclosure’, and Nýgarðr = ‘New Enclosure’;
Kiev = Kœnugarðr = ‘Boatyard’ and Σαμβατας = Sandbakki-áss = ‘Sandbank Ridge’.Constantine Zuckerman suggests a more obvious etymology, from the Turkic (Khazar) roots "sam"+"bat" (literally, "upper fortress"). See: Sorlin I.
Voies commerciales, villes et peuplement de la Rusia au Xe siècle d'après le De administrando imperio de Constantin Porphyrogénète. // Les centres proto-urbains russes entre Scandinavie, Byzance et Orient / ed. M. Kazanski, D. Nercessian, C. Zuckerman (Réalités byzantines 7). - Paris, 2000. -P. 337-355 (The
Varangian Runestones#N 62 preserves the name Vitaholmr ("demarcation islet") for Vitichev.) Then, these sailboats were transported along the Dnieper to Kiev. There, they were sold to the Varangians who re-equipped them and loaded them with merchandise. An English translation of
De Administrando Imperio.
On the
Dnieper the Varangians had to portage their ships round seven rapids, where they had to be on guard for Pecheneg nomads.
{], 1949 & 1969., and Constantine’s Greek spelling:|- style="border-bottom:3px double #999;"! style="text-align:left; width:33%;" | Modern! style="text-align:left; width:33%;" | Slavonic! style="text-align:left;" | Norse|- style="vertical-align:top; border-bottom:1px solid #999;"||
Ne sǔpi, ‘Don't Sleep’, Εσσουπη|
Sof eigi, ‘Don't Sleep’|- style="vertical-align:top; border-bottom:1px solid #999;"|
Surskij, ‘Severe One’;
Lochanskij|
Ostrovǐnyj pragǔ, ‘Island-waterfall’, Οστροβουνιπραχ|
Holmfors, ‘Island-Waterfall’, Ουλβορσι|- style="vertical-align:top; border-bottom:1px solid #999;"|
Zvonets(kij), ‘Clanger’||
Gellandi, ‘Roaring’, Γελανδρι|- style="vertical-align:top; border-bottom:1px solid #999;"|
Nenasytets(kij), ‘Insatiable’|
Nejasytǐ, ‘pelican’ (which nested there), Νεασητ])|- style="vertical-align:top; border-bottom:1px solid #999;"|
Volnyj, Volninskij, ‘ of waves’|
Vlǔnǐnyj pragǔ, ‘wave-waterfall’, Βουλνηπραχ|
Bárufors, ‘wave-waterfall’, Βαρουφορος|- style="vertical-align:top; border-bottom:1px solid #999;"|
Tavolzhanskij|
Vǐruchi, ‘laughing’, Βερουτζη|
Hlæjandi, ‘laughing (ref. noise of water)’, Λεαντι|- style="vertical-align:top;"|
Lishnij, ‘superfluous’|
Naprjazi?, ‘bend, strain?’, Ναπρεζη;
Na bǔrzǔ?, ‘quick?’|
Strukum, ‘ the rapids’, Στρουκουν|}
Below the rapids, they had to pass a narrow rocky spot called the
Ford of Vrar (Russian:
Krariyskaya crossing), where the Varangians were often attacked by the
Pechenegs. The Varangians stopped at
Khortitsa Island. Then they equipped their ships with sails Berezan Island and continued to navigate along the western shore of the Black Sea all the way to Constantinople (
Slavic languages:
Tsargrad, Old Norse:
Miklagard).
The Trade Route from the Varangians to the Greeks was connected to other waterways of Eastern Europe, such as the Pripyat River-
Western Bug waterway leading to Western Europe, and the
Volga trade route, which went down the Volga waterway to the
Caspian Sea. Another offshoot was along the Dnieper and the
Usyazh-Buk River towards
Lukoml and Polotsk. The Trade Route from the Varangians to the Greeks was used to transport different kinds of merchandise.
Wine,
spices, jewelry,
glass, expensive fabrics, icons, and books came from the Byzantine Empire. Kiev used to trade bread, handmade goods, silver coins, etc. Volhyn traded
spinning wheels and other items. Certain kinds of
weapon and
handicrafts came from
Scandinavia. Northern Rus' offered timber, fur, honey and wax, while the Baltic tribes traded
amber.
In the second half of the eleventh century, the Crusades opened more lucrative routes from Europe to the Orient through the Crusader states of the Middle East. By that time,
Kievan Rus' had strengthened its commercial ties with Western Europe, and the route from the Varangians to the Greeks gradually lost its significance.
In Fiction
References
Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks - Wikipedia, the free ...
The trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks (Russian: Путь «из варяг в греки», Put iz varyag v greki) was a trade route, which connected Scandinavia ...
Varangians - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
As the Volga route declined by the end of the century, the Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks rapidly overtook it in popularity. Apart from Ladoga and Novgorod, Gnezdovo ...
INEX: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Trade route from the ...
Table of Contents. 1 History; 2 References; The Trade Route from the Varangians to the Greeks ( Путь «из варяг в греки» in Russian) was a trade route, which ...
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